Abstracts / Résumé / Zusammenfassungen
Hansotto Drotloff « Back
DIE RUMÄNEN UND DIE SACHSEN AUS MEDIASCH BIS 1848–1849, ZWISCHEN ERSTARKENDEM SELBSTBEWUSSTSEIN UND NACHBARSCHAFTLICHEM MITEINANDER
From the point of view of the local historian captivated by archives records, the study reflects aspects regarding economic
collaboration and neighbourhood relations between Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons living in the Mediaş town and in the villages of the so-called Saxon Two
Seats (Zwei Stühle). After a short history of the area, from the Saxon colonization to the Middle Ages, the article presents and analyses several documents,
that are significant for the investigated issue: 1. the contract (1688) between the Council (Magistrat) of the Mediaş town and a deputation of 8 Romanians
from the village Beneşti (Bägendorf), in the overpopulated seat Nocrich, asking for permission to move in the free homesteads from the seat Mediaş; 2. a few
poor Saxons’ petition (1699), to get leave of the same town council to move in Velţ (Wölz), in the empty houses abandoned by Romanian runaways; 3. a document (1786)
regarding a loan of 27 Guldens, approved by the Mediaş Council to 9 supplicants from Velţ, among which 6 Romanians and 3 Saxons; 4. ”the oldest monument of Romanian
language known” in Mediaş (30 April 1705), a funny story in Romanian, inserted in the German chronicle of the town, that recounted however dramatical moments during
the Kurutz siege of Mediaş; 5. an impressive episode (1726) happened during the epidemic of plague, related in Simonis Leichendräger’s consignatio (report of Simon the Coffin Bearer);
and finally, 6. the Romanian elegy (1780) of the Evangelical priest Samuel Knall of Rusciori (Reußdörfchen), entitled Saele ale Pokurarilor en Ardialu Lunge Szicriu Maitsi Therezii
(The Griefs of the Shepherds in Transylvania, Near the Coffin of Mother [Maria] Theresia). The appendix comprises some of the above-mentioned German originals and their Romanian translations.
Keywords: Mediaş; Romanians; Saxons; self-consciousness; neighbourhood communion
Ela Cosma « Back
NAŢIUNE, NUMĂR ŞI TERITORIU NAŢIONAL ÎN TRANSILVANIA (1848-1850)
The intrinsic bound between nation and national territory is revealed, in this study, with regard to the Great Autonomous Principality of
Transylvania during and after the 1848-1849 revolution and war. The state organization of the province under Habsburg suzerainty was questioned by the proclamation of Transylvania’s
union with Hungary (30 May 1848), which however failed to be put in practice. Transylvania’s administrative and territorial organization (comprising 7 Hungarian counties, Partium, 5 Szekler seats,
9 Saxon seats and 2 Saxon districts) ensured to the three Transylvanian Estates of the Hungarians, Szekler and Saxons – medieval privileged nations allied in 1437, that had survived until 1848 –,
not only political and economical domination, but also territorial hegemony. This was achieved by Transylvania’s parceling between the three dominant nations and the unofficial demarcation of the “lands”
of Hungarians (Land der Unger), Szekler (Land der Szekler) and Saxons (Sachsenland), totally excluding the tolerated Romanian nation, that was nummerically dominant in Transylvania, Partium and
parts of Hungary (Maramureş, Crişana). Medieval land possession – but not land property, inner privileges – but never territorial autonomy characterised the three acknowledged nations, in the eve
of the 1848 revolution, when the Romanians were feared to fight for achieving the status of the fourth admitted nation in Transylvania. This would have put an end both to unio trium nationum and
to their land enclaves, as the Romanian national requirements were to be followed by territorial claims, given that the Romanians lived all over Transylvania. Regardless of national confrontations,
the Transylvanian demographic reality was inexorably in favour of the Romanians, who formed two thirds of the Great Principality’s population. Statistics of the Transylvanian nations before and after
1848 are analysed, with focus on Eduard Albert Bielz’s considerations, interest being granted to the huge human losses of the revolution and war.
Keywords: Transylvania; 1848-1850; Transylvanian nations; national territory; national statistics
Constantin Băjenaru « Back
REVOLUŢIA DE LA 1848–1849 ÎN ȚARA FĂGĂRAȘULUI. REALITĂȚI ȘI EVENIMENTE
The revolution between 1848–1849 represented one of the events with a major impact on Transylvania’s history and society, even if the forty-eighter Hungarian
legislation tended in some domains towards European democracy, decreeing Hungarian nation as the only civil and political nation, and the forced joining of Transylvania to Hungary, led to a
total rejection of these decisions by the Romanian nation. From the spring of 1848 until the end of the civil war in the summer of next year, the essential problem of the Romanian people
represented the fight against the „union” with Hungary. At the same time, the refusal of Hungarian revolution leaders to take into consideration the social and national claims of the Romanians,
embittered them much more. On this background of revolutionary events and reality is registered the present approach, by which it is intended to reveal some of the efforts, sacrifices and human
offerings of the Romanians from Făgăraș County on the altar of national human perpetuation in Transylvania. The impetuously progress of the revolutionary actions included the entire Romanian society
from here, even if it didn’t reach the valences from other areas, as in Apuseni especially.
Keywords: revolution; 1848–1849; Făgăraș County; reality; events; fights; sacrifices.
Nicolae Teșculă « Back
DEBUTUL REVOLUȚIEI DE LA 1848 LA SIGHIȘOARA REFLECTAT ÎN MEMORIALISTICĂ
As the continuation of the ideas of the French Revolution, the 1848–1849 Revolution, by its proportions and its consequences, made a deep impression on the
collective consciousness. By memoirs, accounts, stories of the events that they were part of, the people witnessing these events, tried to present these moments of their own existence from
which posterity would extract elements that could lead to understanding the events that caused such upheaval. The 1848–1849 Revolution in Transylvania was the root of rich memoirs, each nation
having its own representatives of this literary genre. In the case of Sighisoara, there are two memoirs: the one written by Friedrich Csech von Sternheim and the one belonging to Wilhelm Mild.
The purpose of this article is to present the beginning of the 1848 Revolution in the town on the Tarnava Mare River, the two memoirs showing the insecurity that could be sensed in Sighisoara,
in the spring of 1848, the fear of a possible conflict, as well as the hope for a better, more prosperous future. Both texts speak about the organization of the civil guard, the lack of weapons
that it faced, the improvisations that were made in order to protect the
town from a future Hungarian attack which eventually led to a quick conquest of the town by general Bem’s army.
Keywords: Sighisoara; revolution; 1848; civil guard; memoirs.
Mirela Popa-Andrei « Back
ELITE RURALE ȘI ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNT CONFESIONAL ÎN SOCIETATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ TRANSILVANĂ ÎN ANII MARELUI RĂZBOI (I)
Education was an issue of great concern for the Romanian religious and secular elites during the Great War. In those troubled times, one of the major stakes of
the Romanian society was to maintain schools and the denominational education system in a functional state. A serious problem that affected Romanian confessional education was that of the teaching
staff, whose numbers had considerably subsided even before the war and were further depleted by the massive enrolments of the Romanian teachers. What is important is that, although many teachers
were recruited and deployed on the front, although school attendance decreased and the buildings of some schools were destroyed, denominational education continued and confessional schools survived
the difficult times of the war. This was possible through the mobilization of all the social categories remaining at home, from the village elites to the ordinary people, including the most vulnerable
demographic groups: women, the elderly and children. Parish priests and retired instructors substituted for the teachers who had enrolled in the army, ensuring thus the continuity of the teaching
process. Moreover, the civilian population made enormous material and logistical efforts to support the school institution.
Keywords: Great War; Transylvania; Romanian Society; Rural Elites; Denominational Education System.
Iosif-Marin Balog, Ioan Lumperdean « Back
IMPLICAŢII ECONOMICE ŞI FINANCIARE ALE PRIMULUI RĂZBOI MONDIAL. ÎMPRUMUTURILE DE RĂZBOI
This article aims to outline some aspects of the economic and financial implications of the First World War, the mechanisms and means
by which this conflict has been financially supported We will first look at how the war loans contributed financially to support the needs of the front, how the population
was called upon to support this effort, and of course, the propaganda of the authorities in this regard. If the budget for civilian spending could be assured from collecting
taxes, the financing of the war had to be secured in other ways. There were not many solutions: exports that would provide sufficient resources were no longer possible in the
new situation; also, access to financing on the international capital market has become virtually impossible under war conditions. As a result, the only viable solution was the
appeal to domestic loans that became a tool used by the state to attract the financial resources needed to support the war effort from the population and the banks. Thus, following
the example of Germany, Austro-Hungary has launched a well-organized campaign to contract every 6 months of loans in the domestic market. In total, were made 8 loans. It was considered
a patriotic duty of every citizen to support the cause of the war, all these efforts being considered as part of a genuine "domestic front", in which, without exception, all citizens
had to be engaged, according to their forces and capabilities. At the end of the article, a statistic of the value of these loans is also presented.
Keywords: World War I; economic implications; Austria-Hungary; Transylvania; War loans
Eugenia Bârlea « Back
ROMÂNII ŞI IDEALURILE LOR POLITICE DIN PERSPECTIVA UNUI SOLDAT GERMAN DIN TRUPELE DE OCUPAŢIE (1916–1918)
In the month of December 1916, one of the thousands German soldiers who came with the army of occupation in the defeated Romania had been keeping a
diary from the beginning of the war. The greater part of this diary is dedicated to the time he spent in Romania, in Bărăgan and Bucharest. The author, a jurist and an intellectual,
while working in the units tasked with population's control and requisition or sightseeing in Bucharest, was always in direct contact with the people among he was living and whom he
described with kindness and compassion. His rich observations, his criticism of the war and his sympathy for the Romanians, for their traditions, customs and for their political ideals
made his diary the most important source for time of the occupation seen through the eyes of German soldier.
Keywords: World War I; Romania; German occupation; the image of Romanians; German perspective
Laura Pop « Back
„PREA MULT AI MEI DORIŢI PĂRINŢI…”, SCRISORI INEDITE DIN PRIMUL RĂZBOI MONDIAL, TRIMISE DE IACOB MATEI DIN CHIHERUL DE JOS
The letters on the front of Iacob Matei from the Transylvanian village Chiherul de Jos, dating from the First World War, have been recovered from a
family archive in the cultural project named “People from Mureş County in the First World War trenches”, funded by the Ministry of Culture, through the National Cultural Fund Administration.
Iacob Matei was a simple Romanian sanitary soldier from Transylvania, enrolled in the Austro-Hungarian army, from 1914, in the 22nd Honved Regiment, 9th Company. He send 27 letters to his father,
Andrei Matei, which tell us more about his family then the war and the life on the front. After June 8, 1915, he was taken prisoner by Russian Army, like others of his comrades, and took in Tambov,
a city in Russia, located on the Tsna Rivers, about 480 kilometers south-southeast of Moscow. His letters speak us about the emotional bounds between the soldier on the front and the family from home,
behind the front. He always wants to know about all his family, especially about his brothers who fight in the war, too. Being the oldest brothers he is very preoccupied about the household and the
agriculture works. To help his family, Iacob Matei sent them a lot of money by the field post. Normally, he could only send a small amount of money, but he had found a way to send more money by putting
on the name of the other soldier. The correspondence with his family is more difficult during the Russian prison, but he is very hopeful because he escapes from the fight, and there were very good conditions
for his life: a lot of foods, low prices, work in agriculture, like at home, and so he is very content about this.
Keywords: First World War; Austro-Hungarian Field Post; Family Archive; Private War Correspondence; Transylvania; Mureş County
Maria Alexandra Pantea « Back
PREOȚI MILITARI BĂNĂŢENI PE FRONTURILE MARELUI RĂZBOI
The outbreak of the conflict and the proportions it took led many priests of Banat to reach the front, where, through their activity, they provided religious assistance to Romanian
soldiers who were in a position to fight for a foreign cause. Due to the activity of the priests and the church hierarchy, the soldiers were trained in the spirit of dynastic loyalty, to fight for the Throne and the
Homeland. During the battles the priests were with the doctors to help the wounded and to bury the dead. On the front, the priests were those who performed the Divine Liturgy, they gave the sacrament and confessed
the soldiers. From the notes of some military priests from Banat that were published in the press of the time, we can see that the Romanian military priests lived on the front the failures, but also the joys of the
great victories.
Keywords: war; mobilization priests; army, monarchs
Oana Habor « Back
DOI FRAŢI ÎN SLUJBA IDEALULUI NAŢIONAL: MEDICII CONSTANTIN ŞI DOMINIC STANCA
Constantin and Dominic Stanca were brothers, fairly close in age. Their destinies intersected many times. Both have graduated from the medical school having the same specialization:
in obstetrics and gynecology. As doctors they had a significant contribution to the Romanian medical science. Their participation in World War I as military doctors, their presence in the moments related to the Great
Union entitles us to record Constantin and Dominic Stanca in the pages dedicated to the Romanians struggle for achieving the ideal of a unitary national state.
Keywords: Constantin Stanca; Dominic Stanca; World War I; the Great Union.
Ovidiu Muntean « Back
UN OFIȚER ROMÂN DIN MARAMUREȘ PE FRONTUL ITALIAN. JURNALUL DE RĂZBOI AL MAIORULUI ARTUR DAN (1918)
Born in an old family from Maramureş, Artur Dan of Apșa left a few notes regarding his ancestry, education and training in military schools across Austria- Hungary. His maternal
grandfather, Alexiu Anderco, was a priest and archpriest in Borşa. Later on in time, his father, Basiliu Dan, held the same office. His uncle, Ioan Artemiu Anderco, studied medicine in Paris, Rome, and Turin,
and was the author of an interesting Journal, published by Nicolae Iorga in 1934. He was a dedicated career officer and was decorated several times in the Great War, when he fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army,
initially on the Balkan front against the Serbs and, then, in Galicia. Here he was taken prisoner by the Russians (1915), being interned in a camp in Siberia, from where he managed to escape in April 1918.
After returning from captivity, he was reinstated in the Austro-Hungarian Army, advanced to the rank of major and transferred to the Italian front. The diary includes the author’s daily notes about the departure
of his battalion on the front and then the dramatic withdrawal caused by the Italian offensive that began on 24 October 1918. Having witnessed the collapse of the Monarchy and its army, he returned to Maramureş
in the autumn of 1918, placing himself in the service of national ideals. From this point of view, he became the classic example of an officer who was fully committed to the accomplishment of the Great Union of 1918.
Together with his uncle, Alexandru-Cuza Anderco, he participated, in Sighet, in the establishment of the Romanian National Council in Maramureş and attended its meetings. After the Great Union, he enlisted
in the Romanian Army and fought in the battles of 1919 against the Hungarian communists, being decorated and promoted to the rank of colonel by King Ferdinand.
Keywords: First World War; Italian front; military operations; memoirs of war; Romanian officer
Ion Valer Xenofontov « Back
ANUL 1918 ÎN BASARABIA REFLECTAT ÎN ISTORIOGRAFIA DIN R.S.S. MOLDOVENEASCĂ
The study presents the discussions of historiography in Soviet Moldova during 1918. The subject was politicized, the ultimate goal of the political factor being the recovery of
the lost government of Bessarabia. It emphasized the minimization of 1918 and the highlight of 1917. Historians from the Moldovan RSS paid tribute to the political factor.
Keywords: Bessarabia; Moldavian SSR; historiography; ideology; politics
Anatol Petrencu « Back
PROBLEMELE INTERNE ALE BASARABIEI, DISCUTATE ÎN SFATUL ŢĂRII (1917–1918)
The issue of nationalities was fundamental in the years of the First World War. After three years of fighting, the empires involved in the war broke up. In this context,
the Council of the Country – the Parliament of the Moldovan Democratic Republic (Bessarabia) was formed in Bessarabia. A number of internal issues have been debated in plenary sessions. First, the legitimacy
of the Provincial High Legislative Body. Even some MPs considered the institution, of which they were part, that it would have been a temporary one, a transition to an organ chosen by universal, equal, direct
and secret vote. Both the political people of that time and today's scholars have demonstrated with deluxe detail the legitimacy of the Country Council. Another issue, always debated, was that of national
identities and the rights of ethnic groups in Bessarabia. Finally, a third issue was to ensure the security of people and their property. In the situation when the young republic did not have enough forces
to ensure public peace, the issue of inviting the Romanian military forces was raised, and later, and the Union of Bessarabia with Motherland, Romania.
Keywords: Country Counsel; Romania; Russian Empire; Bolshevism, Union.
Marcela Sălăgean « Back
UNIREA BASARABIEI CU REGATUL ROMÂNIEI ÎN DOCUMENTE DIPLOMATICE RUSEȘTI
About the Union of Bessarabia with Romanian Kingdom has been written a lot in the 100 years that have passed since then, but also much can be said, because docummentary
sources have not been fully studied. In this area of research is the present study, whose main source of documentation was a series of Russian diplomatic documents, in which were evoked both the events
that led to the Union Decision of 27 March 1918, but also the points of view of some Soviet officials related to what happened at the end of 1917, and the first part of 1918.
Keywords: Union of Bessarabia with Romanian Kingdom; Russian diplomatic documents, Bolshevik Revolution; chaos; international recognition
Lidia Prisac « Back
ATITUDINEA COMUNITĂȚII ARMENE DIN BASARABIA FAȚĂ DE UNIREA CU ROMÂNIA (1918
The study analyzes the attitude of the Armenian community from Bessarabia against the Union of the space between Prut and Dniester rivers with Romania and
the moment of the constitution of the National Committee of the Armenians of Bessarabia. Also the study reconstructs the activity and the behavior of the Armenian origin deputy, Petre Z. Bajbeuc-Melicov,
delegated in Sfatul Țării by the National Committee of the Armenians of Bessarabia, while the territory between the Prut and Dniester Rivers becomes part of the Romanian Kingdom. The author asserts that
the behavior manifestations of the Armenian deputy, between 1917–1918 years and later, were guided by several objective and subjective factors, which took the form of the dual behavior. The actions carried
in time by Petre Z. Bajbeuc-Melicov determined the reserved attitude of the Romanian authorities towards his personality.
Keywords: Bessarabia; borderland; Sfatul Țării; Armenian minority; NACOBA; deputy; Petre Z. Bajbeuc-Melicov.
Corneliu Pădurean « Back
TRATATIVELE ROMÂNO-MAGHIARE DE LA ARAD, ÎN PAGINILE UNOR ZIARE MAGHIARE LOCALE
An important moment among the events that took place in Transylvania in the autumn of 1918 is represented by the negotiations from Arad conducted on November 13th and 14th.
The representatives of the Hungarian Government and the delegation of the Central Romanian National Council whose seat was in the city on the Mures River sat at the negotiation table. After going through
three Hungarian publication from Arad, we can identify the Hungarian vision on this important event on the Romanians path towards national unity.
Keywords: negotiations; press; Hungarians; Romanians; Transylvania
Şerban Turcuş « Back
PACELLI ŞI UN PROIECT GERMAN DESPRE UNIREA CU ROMA A ORTODOXIEI ROMÂNEŞTI ÎN ANUL 1918
The present study discusses a theme not at all evaluated in the Romanian historiography: a German project to achieve the religious union of Romanians and Bulgarians of
Orthodox religion with Rome. The project, advanced by Chancellor von Hertling, involved the acceptance of the Holy See for the realization of the religious union with the help of the Roman Catholic
Archbishop of Bucharest, Raymund Netzhammer and the Bulgarian King Ferdinand I. Seen in a political key, the religious union of the Romanians and Bulgarians was also, for the authorities in Berlin, a mean
of opposing the advance of the Bolshevik revolution. The mediator between the authorities of the Second Reich and the Holy See was Eugenio Pacelli, the Apostolic Nuncio in Munich, the future Pope Pius XII.
Keywords: religious union; Romanian; Bulgarian; German empire; Holy See.
Mircea Măran « Back
FRĂMÂNTĂRI SOCIALE ȘI MIȘCĂRI NAȚIONALE ÎN BANATUL SÂRBESC ÎN TOAMNA ANULUI 1918
A long war, the suffering of the inhabitants, the injustices to which they had been subjected, the economic and moral crisis at every step, all of these provoked
social movements with elements of anarchy even before the end of the Great War. Among the participants, there were also the Romanians that lived in the western parts of Banat, especially belonging
to the lower classes of society. They caused material damage in numerous villages and they attacked the wealthy citizens and/or the representatives of the state’s power, which was on its last legs.
Besides these social movements, the national movement of the Romanians in Banat, who called for the union with the mother country, began to stand out more and more. In order to impede anarchy,
national councils and national guards were established in Banat villages and towns. In urban areas which had a heterogeneous ethnic structure, members of all the ethnic communities, including the Romanians,
were included in provisional organs of the government. The entry of the Serbian army into Banat was the beginning of a new period in the history of this province. The Romanians from western Banat villages
and towns chose their representatives for the Alba Iulia Assembly. On the other hand, at the Assembly of Novi Sad, where the annexation of Vojvodina (including Banat) to Serbia was proclaimed,
representatives of the Serbs, Croats and other Slavic nations of Vojvodina also participated.
Keywords: revolt; republic; popular council; national guard; Romanians
Corneliu Pintilescu « Back
DEZBATERI PUBLICE PRIVIND DECRETAREA STĂRII DE ASEDIU ÎN ROMÂNIA (1918–1933)
After the First World War, emergency powers became an aspect of the everyday political life in Europe, Romania being among those countries where a banalization
of the use of these powers took place. The centrality within the public space of the topics concerning the external and inner security of a country that doubled its territory after the world war,
the social turmoil caused by economic difficulties, and the rise of radical political movements represented arguments for the state authorities to install the state of siege for long periods of
time in interwar Romania. The study aims at analysing the public debates in Romania in a few key moments during the period from 1918-1933, in which the issuance of a legislation dealing with
state of siege institutions caused heated disputes between those supporting and those opposing the use of emergency powers.
Keywords: emergency powers; state of siege; interwar Romania; military courts
Marius Gheorghe Banciu « Back
ASPECTE ALE IMPLEMENTĂRII LEGISLAŢIEI ROMÂNIEI ÎNTREGITE ÎN SUD-ESTUL TRANSILVANIEI
After the Great Union of 1st December 1918, the legislation of the Romanian state was introduced in the localities of the Ciuc, Odorhei and Treiscaune counties
with difficulty considering that the majority consisted of a Hungarian ethnic population. For the beginning, the nomenclature of localities was updated and their official names were established.
The next step was the approval of the organizational statutes of the counties, towns and communes, then the constitution of the mayors of the urban and rural communes. Employing civil servants
in the local public administration was very difficult, due to the lack of knowledge of the Romanian language by the Hungarian population and the non-acceptance of the condition of minorities.
It followed the adjustment of the positions left by the Hungarian officials, who had to submit the oath of fidelity to the Romanian state, which was refused. The Conducting Council organized
professional training courses as well as Romanian language learning. The Law of Administrative Unification was implemented in stages by elaborating the unique status of civil servants, establishing
the whole Romanian emblem, marking events in national history, renaming the streets and public institutions and the obligation to use the Romanian language in institutions and correspondence.
Keywords: Great Union; legislation; civil servants; Hungarian population; Romanian language
Marius Oanţă « Back
ARHIDIECEZA ROMANO-CATOLICĂ DE BUCUREȘTI ÎNTRE ROMÂNIA MARE ȘI REPUBLICA POPULARĂ ROMÂNĂ (1918–1948) DATE STATISTICE
This study discusses the changes in the structure of the Roman-Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest between 1918 and 1948; these changes affected both the religious
life and the geographical borders imposed at the end of World War I, as well as the establishment of a new ecclesiastical province with its own bishopdoms – a situation that emerged because of
the changes occurring in European states through international treaties. At the end of the Great War, it was imperative for Latin Catholic diocese boundaries to be reconsidered, all the more so
since, after the war and the annexation of the historical territories, Greater Romania was born. As a result, parts of the Catholic ecclesiastical provinces which were under the jurisdiction of
some archbishops in Hungary were then included in the Kingdom of Romania.
Keywords: Archdiocese of Bucharest; Kingdom of Romania; Romanian Popular Republic; catholics, treaty
Ioan-Aurel Pop « Back
MĂRTURII MEDIEVALE PRIVIND NUMELE ROMÂNILOR ŞI AL GRAIULUI LOR ÎN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ
The testimonies of this study undoubtedly bring some certainties to the forefront. First of all, they show that foreigners considered Romanians as Romanic and
latinophones. Secondly, one can see that the Romanians (some of them) had the consciousness of their Romanity in the Middle Ages (that is, they knew that they were stemming from the Romans and,
sometimes, they boasted about this origin). This contradicts the opinion – expressed in the past but present in some studies – that the Romanians took over the ideas of the Romanity of their
own people from foreign authors, especially Italians, under the influence of humanism. Thirdly, the name the Romanians themselves used, in their own language, that of “Romanian” from Romanus,
in contrast to the name of “Vlachs” or “Olachs” (given by others to the Romanians), is reflected. There is also evidence that in the 16th century, the name of “Vlach” / “Olach” began to be
reckoned, in the Romanian environment, as not positive. In fact, however, independent of their perception, both ethnonyms – Rumanian / Romanian and Vlach / Wallach – prove the Romanity of
the Romanians, the first (given by Romanians themselves) with an ethnic focus (because it comes from Romanus) and the second (given by foreigners to Romanians) with a focus on language
(because it means latinophone, that is, a Romance language speaker). In the 16th century and later in the modern age, more and more often, the first scientific classifications of Romanian
among the Romance languages are made (sometimes with reference to the prayer “Our Father”/”The Lord’s Prayer”) were made. Thus, in the Middle Ages and especially towards its end and during Renaissance,
both certain Romanians and certain foreigners knew the Romanity of this people from the Lower Danube and from the Carpathians and stated it on various occasions, from linguistic treatises to letters,
from diplomatic reports to travel notes, from chronicles to religious, political, literary, legal or philosophical works. The conclusion is that the Romanians have always called themselves Romanians
or Rumanians and that, from time to time, foreign authors have noticed and recorded this in their writings.
Keywords: testimonies about the Romanians’ names; the Romanians’ names; the Romanians’ Romanity; Romanians and Vlachs
Tatiana Onilov « Back
GENERALUL PAVEL KISELEFF (1788–1872) ȘI PRINCIPATELE ROMÂNE
Based on Russian and Romanian unknown archive sources and less known bibliography, the article describes the presence in the Romanian Principalities of Moldavia
and Wallachia of Tsarist lieutenant-general Pavel Dimitrievich Kiseleff, in his capacity as governor and president of the divans in both Romanian Principalities between 1829–1834. The political
and military background is analysed, after the Russian-Turkish War (1828–1829) and the conclusion of the Adrianople Treaty (1829), when the Tsarist protectorate became an actual administrative
and military occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia. General Kiseleff’s important modernizing contributions are presented, as well as his real interest to impose the tsar’s long-time governance
in the Romanian Lands.
Keywords: general Pavel Dimitrievich Kiseleff; Romanian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia; Tsarist Empire; Organic Regulations; 1829–1834
Daniela Haarmann « Back
THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE ISSUE IN HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA BEFORE 1795
The Hungarian language issue and neoterism upraised as a consequence the transformation process within the European scholar world as of the political conflicts
during the 18th century. Reasons for that were the criticism of using Latin as a language of education as of erudition, of the lack of knowledge of the broad mass of the population,
the Enlighted ideal of general education of all parts of society, and the politics of Germanisation by emperor Joseph II, to name just a few. The bloody suppression of the Jacobin movement (1795),
however, caused a deep caesura within the Hungarian erudition as some important Hungarian scholars were sentenced to death. Scholars like Ferenc Kazinczy in the Kingdom of Hungary and György Aranka
in Transylvania tried to encourage the Hungarian language through the foundation of societies and of Hungarian-speaking scholarly journals. Though most of them were just ephemeral due to personal,
political and financial reasons, they pathed the way for the modernisation of the Hungarian language as of the Hungarian erudition during the 1830’s and 1840’s. Based on the tree-phase-model of
Miroslav Hroch, this paper discusses the Hungarian language issue and neoterism in Hungary and Transylvania in three sections: First, reasons for the beginning of the Hungarian language issue
as its modernisation will be considered. The second part treats the foundation of scholarly societies, while the last section focusses on the foundation of scholarly journals.
Keywords: Hungarian erudition; Transylvanian erudition; 18th century; language issue; Ferenc Kazinczy; György Aranka.
Nicolae Bărbuță « Back
L’OPINION BELGE DEVANT LA LUTTE DES ROUMAINS DE TRANSYLVANIE POUR L’INDÉPENDANCE NATIONALE ET L’UNION AVEC LA ROUMANIE 1867–1918 (I)
Based on information published in the Belgian press in 1867–1868, the article presents testimonies of the public opinion from Belgia, sustaining the Romanian
movement in Transylvania. The national fight of the Transylvanian Romanians, who militated against the settlement of the Austro-Hungarian dualistic governance, aggravated their situation
during the following years.
Keywords: Belgia; Romania; Transylvania; Belgian press; 1867–1868.
Valentin Mik « Back
ASPECTE ALE ISTORIEI SOCIO-CULTURALE ȘI PUBLICISTICE A ROMÂNILOR DIN BANATUL SÂRBESC ÎNTRE DOUĂ MARI EVENIMENTE DIN ISTORIA NEAMULUI (1848–1918)
The Romanians living in the Western Banat brought a large contribution to the revolutionary events of 1848–1849. Most often being included willingless either
on the Serbians’ side or on the Hungarians’, the Romanians had to sacrifice their lifes for allien interests. Inhabitants from several Romanian villages of the nowadays Serbian Banat payed a
huge price for their participation to the revolution. However, during the following decades, there were positive effects of the 1848–1849 revolution to be seen in the national awakening of
the Romanians living in these parts of the Banat. Even if such phenomena had a difficult development, refrained both by obstacles imposed by the Hungarian authorities and by numerous strifes
in the relationship with their Serbian neighbours, the Romanians succeeded to defend their national interests in many fields, insomuch as present generations can take pride in their great deeds.
Belonging to the Austrian military border, the Romanians from Pančevo and surroundings militated, in the first place, for better life conditions and civil liberty, and last but not least,
for the right to preserve their own national identity, by founding Romanian Orthodox parishes, editing books and newspapers, opening of Romanian schools, as preconditions for the forming of
a future more consistent intellectual and political elite.
Keywords: Romanians; Western Banat; Revolutionary Movement of 1848; Military Border; Romanian Orthodox Protopresbyterate of Panciova (Pančevo); editorial and publishing activity.
Andreea Dăncilă Ineoan « Back
DIN LOCURI SENSIBILE ALE DIPLOMAȚIEI: CHESTIUNEA TRANSILVĂNEANĂ ÎN RAPOARTELE CONSULILOR ROMÂNI DE LA BUDAPESTA (PRIMUL DECENIU AL SECOLULUI XX)
The present study examines the discussion of/locus constituted by the 'Transylvanian question' in the reports drafted by the Consuls sent by the Kingdom of Romania to Budapest.
The analysis focuses on several aspects, including the structure of this office of diplomatic representation, its key figures, their official and unofficial pathways of obtaining information, and the content
of their accounts. Within an increasingly tense context, such as that of the early twentieth century, the scripts followed by these diplomats needed to take into account the sensitivities involved in a
relation with Dualist Hungary, a difficult partner. Upon the backdrop of a period of national effervescence, these Romanian consuls needed to find creative ways of managing a developing political scenery,
in which the voice of the street was not unseldom heard more loudly than that of diplomacy.
Keywords: Romania; Austria-Hungary; nationalism; diplomacy; 1900.
Emanuil Ineoan « Back
ASPECTE PRIVIND VIAŢA RELIGIOASĂ A COMUNITĂŢILOR AROMÂNE DE LA SUD DE DUNĂRE LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XX
The paper analyses the way Greek nationalism changed Aromanians identity over the last century. Regarding this issue, I focus on how Megali Ideea
(in fact, the Greek national project) was constructed in nineteenth century and how Hellenism influenced the ethnic perception of the Balkan Romanity. Hellenism designates a set
of values belonging to a historical community, not only in its ancient manifestation, but also in the Greek-Roman expression, a synthesis of the Byzantine heritage and the grandeur
of classical Hellas (Elade). The Ecumenical Patriarchate through the clergy had a profound role in establishing the sense of Greek identity and transmitting these new values.
Keywords: Aromanians; Hellenization; Greek nationalism; Romania; Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Vasile Puşcaş, Veronica Turcuş « Back
UN EPISOD DE DIPLOMAŢIE CULTURALĂ FRANCO-ROMÂNĂ DUPĂ 1918: ALPHONSE DUPRONT ŞI INSTITUTUL FRANCEZ DE ÎNALTE STUDII DIN BUCUREŞTI
The study focuses on the activity of Alphonse Dupront (1905–1990), the head of the French Institute of High Studies in Romania between
the years 1932–1941. The results of this activity were extremely benefic for the French-Romanian collaboration during the difficult period of the Nazi ascension in Germany
and of the rise of the Italian Fascism. The annex of the study presents the text prepared by Liviu Floda for the Congress of the American-Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences
in 1987, valuable testimony of the Romanian-French cultural relations during the interwar period.
Keywords: Romania; France; Alphonse Dupront; interwar period; diplomacy; culture.
Alexander Stykalin, Angela Stîcalin-Colin « Back
INTELECTUALII DIN SPAŢIUL ROMÂNESC ŞI ACTIVITATEA SA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ ÎN STUDIEREA CULTURII ROMÂNE
Professor Alexander Yacimirskiy (1873-1925), native from Bessarabia, was not only an internationally well-known expert on the medieval
Slavic manuscripts, but also one of the outstanding figures of the Romanian studies in Russia. He published numerous works on the Romanian literature, folklore, ethnography,
church history and especially about the Romanians’ cultural ties with their Slavic neighbors. Yacimirskiy’s heritage stored in the Russian archives (and first of all his
correspondence) broaden our knowledge of his contacts with his Russian colleagues – experts on the Romanian and South-Eastern-European studies, as well as with the Romanian
colleagues – who were influenced not only by his published works, but also by his advices and consultations. The new sources we bring forward also add some important details
to our knowledge of his activities in the last years of his life, in the city of Rostov on Don, where he was evacuated with the Warsaw University in 1915.
Keywords: Alexandr Iațimirschi; Intelectuality; Romanian culture; Russian culture
Attila Varga « Back
CENTENARUL FILMULUI MUT ÎN CLUJ – FRANCMASONERIA ŞI „HOLLYWOOD-UL TRANSILVAN”
The present study is focusing on the personality of Janovics Jenő, freemason to the “Unio” Lodge from Cluj, director of the Cluj Opera and also the
creator of the Transylvanian Hollywood one hundred years ago. During a fabulous career to the mute movie industry, he has produced 66 films, working with great personalities such as
Michael Curtiz, a famous movie director, who was awarded in 1943 with Oscar Prize for his spectacular romantic “Cassablanca” film. The study is analyzing also one of the most important
film of Janovics Jenő, so called “The Horror of the World”, inspirated by a abstruse freemasonry social program.
Keywords: Transylvanian Hollywood; Cluj; Freemasonry; Films; Elites
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