Content of the YEARBOOK No. XLIX from 2010

Nicolae EDROIU	The place of the Institute of History from Cluj in Romanian Historiography	PDF abstract
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES
Şerban TURCUŞ	The foundation of the mitre of Germans as Transylvanian project of the Holly See	PDF abstract
Marius CHELCU	The citymen from Yassi in the XVIIth century - solidarities and Differences	PDF abstract
Loránd L. MÁDLY	The statute projects for country representatives - a turning point in the political concept of neoabsolutism related to the countries of the Crown	PDF abstract
Andrei Florin SORA	The Status of Civil Servants in 1923	PDF abstract
HISTORY AND POLITICS
Radu Florian BRUJA	Files from the history of Christian National Party from Bucovina (1935-1937)	PDF abstract
Liviu CĂRARE	Considerations on the Czernowitz Jews process of ghettoization	PDF abstract
Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC	The diplomat Constantin I. Karadja and the Romanian Jews situation from the states occupied/controlled by the Third Reich, 1941-1944	PDF abstract
Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA	The dyings of Aiud penitenciary, 1945-1965	PDF abstract
HISTORY, CULTURE AND EDUCATION
Veronica TURCUŞ	"Alunni" of the Romanian School in Rome during the Directorship of Vasile Pârvan: Scientific Activity and Personal Relationships	PDF abstract
Irina NASTASĂ	Emil Cioran and Romanian School from Fontenay-aux-Roses. Documentary testimonies	PDF abstract
Ana Maria STAN	Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, the portrait of a feminist from the interwar academie	PDF abstract
Leonidas RADOS	A failed interwar project: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)	PDF abstract
HISTORY AND ECONOMY
Iosif Marin BALOG	Between centre and periphery: the role of connecting Transylvania to the Telegraph Network of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century	PDF abstract
Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN	Some aspects regarding the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian commercial relations in the second half of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth century	PDF abstract
Ludovic BÁTHORY	Secret accounting system of the Superior Valley of Jiu Society and the recomputing of the coal production (1926-1930)	PDF abstract
IMAGOLOGY
Harieta MARECI SABOL	The City of Chernovitsky in the Descriptions of Foreign Travelers XVIth-XVIIIth Centuries	PDF abstract
Adinel DINCĂ	Angelofor antroponimic of Mihail in Transylvanian onomastics until 1350. Standpoints and reflections	PDF abstract
Liviu NEAGOE	From "national essence" to "ethnic ontology": Philosophical backgrounds of Romanian nationalism	PDF abstract
DOCUMENTS	"Prolegomena" or "pages" from the past of an institution (Stelian Mândruţ)	PDF abstract
REVIEWS	Content of Reviews	PDF
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES	Content of Bibliographical Notes	PDF
JOURNAL REVIEW	Content of Journal Review	PDF
SCIENTIFIC LIFE
	International Conference "Freedom and National Security in Central and Eastern Europe in 19th-20th Century" (Warsaw, 20th-21st April 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)	PDF
	The debates "A Párbeszéd Folytatodik/The Dialogue will continue" (Budapest, 4th December 2008); "Magyarország és Románia a II.-Ik Világháborúban/Hungary and Romania in the World War II" (Budapest, 19th May 2009) (Stelian Mândruţ)	PDF
	The Workshop "New researches on the 18th century: the Habsburg Monarchy, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, America) (Vienna, 1st-4th October 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	PDF
	The international symposium "Fließende Grenzen" (Geras-Austria, 24th-26th October 2009) (Loránd Mádly)	PDF
	The XIVth edition of the symposium "Banat - its historical and cultural past" /Men and places in the heart - Valeriu Leu's Banat - Remember/ (Reşiţa, 20th-22nd November 2009) (Attila Varga)	PDF
	The scientifical activity of the History Institute "George Bariţiu" in 2009. The History Department (Susana Andea)	PDF
	Selective list of the books received in 2009 by the Library of the History Institute "George Bariţiu" (Mihaela Bedecean)	PDF
OBITUARY	Liviu Botezan (Stelian Mândruţ)	PDF

Abstracts / Résumé / Zusammenfassungen

Nicolae Edroiu « Back
The place of the Institute of History from Cluj in Romanian Historiography
The Institute of History "George Bariţiu" from Cluj-Napoca of Romanian Academy has celebrated - at 2nd February 2010 - ninety years from establishment.
The Institute has been set in the context of The Great Union from 1918, by a donation of King Ferdinand I of Romania; in the 90 years of its existence the Institute of History from the most important town from Transylvania has realised researches regarding to the fundamentally issues of history of this county, related not only to the evolutions from the Romanian principalities outside of the Carpathian arch, but also to the evolutions from East and Central Europe. The publications of the Institute, especially the Yearbook, have encompassed the results of the researches realised by its members in Romanian historiography and gone further to the improvement of historical knowledge. In spite of many difficulties during the Second World War and the ideological pressure of the communism regime, the Institute of History from Cluj has an outstanding historiographical contribution due to the studies that succeeded reconstitutions or historical interpretations, due to editing genuine historical sources and the scientific conferences organized in these 90 years.
Key words: Historiograhy, Cluj, 1920-2010, History, Aniversary

Şerban Turcuş « Back
The foundation of the mitre of Germans as Transylvanian project of the Holly See
La politica della Santa Sede di espandere la Cristianita conosce un episodio particolare in Transilvania alla fine del XII-imo secolo: la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni. I protagonisti della vicenda sono i pontefici Celestino III e Innocenzo III e i re ungheresi Bela III e Andrea II. Si tratta infatti del primo tentativo di offrire una sistemazione istituzionale ai sassoni confluiti in Transilvania a partire dalla seconda meta del XII secolo sia come crociati sia come coloni attirati qui dalle elargizioni presenti in un contesto in cui l'autorita ungherese esercita un'autorita solamente nominale e per niente concreta. Infatti la fondazione della prepositura dei sassoni certifica l'inesistenza di un strenuo contatto dell'autorita centrale con il territorio della prepositura circostanza di cui profitta la Santa Sede per fondare la prepositura, direttamente dipendente da Roma. La prepositura come istituzione significa un'autorita vicariale che esercita il potere amministrativo al nome del vescovo di Roma. Sempre in questo saggio viene discusso il celebre documento del 1191 in cui accanto al problema della prepositura sono elencati i diritti dell'arcivescovato primaziale di Strigonia che e investito come legato nato anche con la sorveglianza a nome della Sede Apostolica della prepositura di Sibiu. Si evidenzia come durante il pontificato di Innocenzo III assistiamo ad un tentativo di appropriazione della prepositura da parte del re ungherese Andrea II, tentativo fallito. Infatti la situazione particolare della Prepositura, immediatamente soggetta, nel contesto ierocratico del XIII secolo, segnera la vita della comunita dei sassoni ed il suo rapportarsi ad altri enti.
Parole chiave: Prepositura, Santa Sede, sassoni, Transilvania, regno ungherese

Marius CHELCU « Back
The citymen from Yassi in the XVIIth century - solidarities and Differences
The recognition of the social life coordinates from the most important Moldavia in a period of profound and extensive crisis from the XVII century implies, first the evaluation of the solidarities and differences manifestated among the inhabitants of the There were, indubitable, inhabitants situated, due to their personal prestige, in the top social hierarchy. These inhabitants were called "patricians" in the studies regarded social structure of the urban population of Moldavia. At once, the association in brotherhoods has created links to the solidarization of the inhabitants by their occupations. But also same period can be identified some factors which have inhibited the configuration of category, with the persistence of certain differences. This essay tries to assert some causes which have limited a better and more represented urban social body. One cause central power, traditionally more pregnant in Moldavia than in Transylvania for example, controlling the urban space. Another source of the weaknesses can be found right inside urban population. Part of those who succeed to be recognised as leaders are often tempted cancel their social condition for a better one for them: the boyars. Last, but not least, the cohesion is limited by the religious differences; because in the case of Armenians religion contributed to the persistency of the differences and in the case of Turkeys religion determinated reactions of rejection.
Key words: XVII century crisis, brotherhoods, urban social category, ethnicity

Loránd L. MÁDLY « Back
Die Entwürfe der Satzungen für die Landesvertretungen - ein Wendepunkt im politischen neoabsolutistischen Konzept der Kronländer
Im Laufe des neoabsolutistischen Jahrzehnts bedeutete der Versuch, Landesvertretungen für fast jedes Kronland der Donaumonarchie einzusetzen, einen der interessantesten politischen Vorgänge. Die Idee der Schaffung dieser, an den ehemaligen Landtagen erinnernden Einrichtungen, war in den Grundprinzipien des Silvesterpatents enthalten; die Tätigkeit dieser sollte eigentlich eine neue Wende in der Gestaltung der politischen Struktur des Staates bringen. Entstanden auf dem Spannungsfeld zwischen den progressiven und konservativen Auffassungen, führten letztendlich die mühsam ausgearbeiteten Entwürfe der Landesvertretungen zu keinem Ergebnis, da eine Entscheidung zu dieser Problematik immer aufgeschoben wurde; teilweise wurden aber einige Prinzipien der Landtagsstatute in den neuen Regelungen der Landtage nach dem Fall des Neoabsolutismus aufgenommen. Die vorliegende Studie schildert, zum ersten Mal in rumänischer Sprache, den Vorgang der Entstehung der Entwürfe der Landtage und beleuchtet die wichtigsten Betrachtungen dazu seitens der siebenbürgischen höheren Beamten, sowie auch den Ablauf der Verhandlungen der hiesigen Beratungskommission für die Einsetzung der neuen Organe, sowie deren Ergebnisse.
Schlüsselworte: Verfassung, Landesvertretungen, Neoabsolutismus, Landtag, Siebenbürgen

Andrei Florin SORA « Back
The Status of Civil Servants in 1923
The First World War with its immediate consequences that had enflamed Europe, led to the adoption by the Romanian state of a unitary law regarding the civil servants. The Civil Servants General Statute of the 19th June 1923 was a long time desideratum of the Romanian state employees. The new juridical framework established equal rights (admissibility conditions, promotion, retirement - including mandatory retirement etc - for all the civil servants. Although this law had many shortcomings, it improved Romanian civil servants statute that other subsequent laws tried many times to escape from it. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the study of the civil servants can give a lot of answers and a better understanding of the Interwar Romania and its bureaucracy.
Key words: Interwar Romania, state employees, civil servants, public administration, bureaucracy.

Radu Florian BRUJA « Back
Files from the history of Christian National Party from Bucovina (1935-1937)
The National Christian Party had a relative success in Bukovina; even so, it could not polarize the Right political forces, nor could it draw the poll for itself. The local organization, dominated by the controversial personalities such as Nechifor Robu and Constantin Nastasi, managed to implement the program imposed by the Center to the political structure. Recognized as one of the provinces that had a significant population of Jews, Bukovina represented an electoral basis for NCP, but not enough to bring a decisive electoral result. The anti-Semitism, especially in the small towns and cities from Bukovina, was an important factor for Cuza's Party. In reality, the mirage and the originality brought by the Legionary Movement blocked the "Cuzist" projects. The partial successes, such as the elections in Suceava County in 1936, or the arrangement of "spear man" gangs (that terrorized the street), the conflicts with Jews (by the tacit agreement of authorities) were not sufficient to get the power, not even in the North part of the country. Although the elections in 1937 brought a superior result - comparatively with the previous ones - they proved that the National Christian Party was not a viable organization in the context of competition with the legionaries. Their coming to power was, in this case, the result of extended political circumstances, and especially of the king's maneuvers (knowing his interest in power he wanted to take over). The king's fight with the Legionary Movement started, and the role of "cuzists" was just to prepare the stage for this confrontation.
Key words: Jews, Czernowitz, Legionary Movement, anti-semitism

Liviu CĂRARE « Back
Considerations on the Czernowitz Jews process of ghettoization
The Czernowitz ghetto, established by the Romanian administration of Bukovina in october 1941 contained more than 50,000 jews. The Romanian regime interned all the jews of Czernowitz in a ghetto as a preliminary measure to their deportation to Transnistria. By mid-November, about 30,000 Jews were deported. The conditions created in the ghetto were horrible and unhealthy - usually cramped, dirty, and with little food. To differentiate between Jews and non-Jews, the Military Government of Bukovina forced the Jews to wear the yellow badge (Star of David). A death penalty was enforced on any Jew caught trying to escape or caught outside the ghetto. After the establishement of the ghetto relationships between jews and non-jews developed in a sort of trade: frightened by the imminent deportation the jews were selling their personal items (currency, jewellery, furs, chinaware, crystals) at ridiculously low prices. The hidden death sentence - deportation, was possible only after the Romanian economic needs were satisfied. Thus, a sorting commission was put together. This is how the mayor of Czernowitz, Dr. Traian Popovici managed to persuade the Romanian military governor and General Antonescu to leave the remaining 20,000 Jews, claiming that they were vital to the economic stability of the town. The image of the jews as reflected in primary sources - secret services, gendarmerie and police reports - complete a global picture of the tragic and unfortunate events of the Holocaust in Romania.
Key words: Ghetto, Czernowitz, Traian Popovici, Star of David, deportation, holocaust.

Ottmar TRAŞCĂ, Stelian OBIZIUC « Back
The diplomat Constantin I. Karadja and the Romanian Jews situation from the states occupied/controlled by the Third Reich, 1941-1944
Constantin Karadja (1889-1950) was a diplomat in the Foreign Service of Romania and as such from 1931 to 1941 Romanian Consul General seated in Berlin. From 1941 to 1944 he was the Director of the Consular Department in the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In that capacity, the Romanian diplomat submitted a number of reports to the appropriate offices in Romania in which he advocated the need to save the Romanian citizens of Jewish origin who were in Germany and in occupied territories. That action took place at a time when the conditions of the survivors among those citizens were desperate. Owing to the intervention of the Romanian Consular Direction, those people were permitted to return to Romania endowed with passports. In his notes and reports, of which the most relevant can be found in the Diplomatic Archive of Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Consul Karadja proves to be a man of extraordinary commitment and high professional integrity, whose defining characteristic is humaneness. As a recognition of his merits, on 15 September 2005, Constantin Karadja received from the Institute Yad Vashem in Jerusalem posthumously the title "Righteous Among the Nations" during a ceremony in the Israeli embassy in Berlin.
Key words: Diplomacy, Jews, the 3rd Reich, 1939-1944

Virgiliu ŢÂRĂU, Ioan CIUPEA « Back
The dyings of Aiud penitenciary, 1945-1965
As a prison of maximum safety during communism regime, Aiud Penitentiary was destinated to the most dangerous detaines for the communist authorities. This study revealed at the empircal level the number of the casualities from 1945 to 1965. Based on extensive research in different archives we analize the causes of the death, the evolution year by year of the persons who died, their political background and the medical causes of these casualities.
Key words: penitentiary, communism, repression.

Veronica TURCUŞ « Back
"Alunni" of the Romanian School in Rome during the Directorship of Vasile Pârvan: Scientific Activity and Personal Relationships
L'accademico Vasile Pârvan (1882-1927), fondatore negli anni '20 del secolo scorso della Scuola Romena di Roma e direttore dell'istituzione fino al 1927, focalizzo la sua attivita verso l'integrazione dell'istituto romeno nell'ambito accademico romano ed italiano e verso l'organizzazione istituzionale secondo il modello delle Scuole ed Accademie sorte nella capitale italiana . Sotto la sua guida si perfezionarono a Roma 25 alunni, 13 tra di loro nel campo della protostoria, storia dell'antichita, archeologia, epigrafia, topografia o filologia classica, 9 in filologia moderna, archivistica, paleografia, diplomatica e generalmente nelle scienze speciali della storia, mentre l'architettura e la storia dell'arte furono frequentate da 3 giovani specialisti romeni. Non a caso, grazie anche alla loro specializzazione romana che segno positivamente la seguente carriera universitaria e produzione scientifica, 6 tra di loro furono ulteriormente eletti soci dell'Accademia Romena. L'accademico Pârvan integro gli interessi scientifici degli storici dell'antichita e degli archeologi nei progetti dell'Unione Accademica Internazionale, mirando la realizzazione della carta archeologica della Romania come parte della Forma Imperii Romani e stimolo gli orientamenti dei borsisti verso lo studio del classicismo greco-romano e del modo in cui esso rispecchia il mondo traco-dacico e quello delle popolazioni del Basso Danubio. Gli alunni romeni che portavano avanti ricerche nel campo della pre- e protostoria ebbero a Roma la possibilita di prendere come modello gli studi europei sulle antiche civilta italiche, mentre il lavoro negli archivi fu diretto quasi esclusivamente verso i problemi della romanita orientale, essendo i progetti di ricerca direttamente coordinati dall'Accademia Romena. Il perfezionamento in storia dell'arte ed architettura che la Scuola Romena di Roma offri ai suoi alunni nel primo decennio tra le due guerre godette del diretto appoggio dei professori e specialisti italiani, in primis dello storico dell'arte Antonio Munoz, che insegnava in quegli anni, presso l'Universita romana, la Storia dell'arte bizantina. Grazie al suo interessamento, i borsisti romeni furono coinvolti nei grandi lavori di restauro che Munoz guidava a Roma, le direzioni della loro specializzazione diventando appunto la storia dell'arte bizantina e la metodologia del restauro. I rapporti personali dei borsisti, la maggior parte costruiti intorno all'attivita scientifica della Scuola, furono simili alle relazioni sorte nelle comunita degli alunni presenti negli Istituti stranieri di Roma e sono interessanti per la storia dell'élite intellettuale romena tra le due guerre e per il suo destino nella seconda meta del Novecento.
Key words: Roma, Scuola Romena, élite romena, Vasile Pârvan, alunni.

Irina NASTASĂ « Back
Emil Cioran and Romanian School from Fontenay-aux-Roses. Documentary testimonies
The study remade empirically a less known period - or put under silence - from the biography of Emil Cioran, situated between 1937 and 1944. It is about his status as French Institute fellowship from Bucharest and, later, of Romanian School from Paris. In this respect, there are edited in Anexa a few inedit documents from those years, to point the mechanism in which Emil Cioran has achieved the stipend for Fontanay-aux-Roses.
Key words: extreme right, student migrations, German universities, Romanian propaganda.

Ana Maria STAN « Back
Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, the portrait of a feminist from the interwar academie
This article is a case study outlining the bio-bibliographical portrait of Eliza Constantinescu-Bagdat, one of first the female Romanian university professors of the interwar period. Teaching in Cluj, at the Academy of Higher Commercial an Industrial Studies between 1927 and 1943, this lady had a very a interesting professional and public life, which made her travel to France and Switzerland in order to achieve her education, and later saw her use that knowledge in her home country. Therefore, she can be considered an eloquent example of the importance and mechanisms of the peregrinatio academica phenomenon.
Key words: University, professor, education, feminism, economical studies

Leonidas RADOS « Back
A failed interwar project: Mélanges Russo (1929-1930)
The interwar years have knew less historiographical failed projects than the previous periods specially comparing to the second half of the XIX century. A such approach with an unexpected end was the volume prepared in the praise of the professor Demosthene Russo, who fulfiled 60 years in 1929, by two closed collaborators of him. Public figure of the interwar intellectual history, respected professor at University of Bucharest, Russo was perceived by his numerous students as a genuine school master and supreme critical instance in the complicated domain of the Byzanthine studies and the greek-romanian interference. Vital information for our research are founded in a set of inedit letters (see Anexes) which include the correspondence held by the initiators of the project, C.C. Giurescu, professor at Faculty of Literature from University of Bucharest, and I. D. Stefanescu, first assistant and later lecturer at the Byzanthinic department with diverse collaborators. Started late and clumsily because of the self imposed status to keep the secret to the solemnized, the Melanges Russo project has been contoured, having enough interesting texts in portofolio and others waited to be put on the list. Surprinsingly, the project was suddenly stopped by the celebrated himself, probably a singular case in the history of Romanian culture. In April 1930 professor Russo fortuitously heard about the initiative of his colleagus from Georges Sotiriou, the principal of the Byzanthine Museum from Athens who declined the requirement of Giurescu and Stefanescu to send a text and choose to write to the professor Russo in order to underline that only the restrictive thematic of the volume detained him to offer a serious study. It is difficult to speculate on the motives for which Demsthene Russo has reacted so strong and stopped the editing of the volume, particularly that similar initiatives has been passed to the end of the XIX century and even some less remarcable figures have part of it. It seems that «culpabled» were the character abd the nature of the professor himself, who, mainly in the latter time, refused the obvious publicity and preferred instead the friendly weekly meeting with students and associates.
Key words: Reverential volume, Byzanthinic Studies, interwar historiography, "The New School" in history

Iosif Marin BALOG « Back
Between centre and periphery: the role of connecting Transylvania to the Telegraph Network of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Mid- Nineteenth Century
One of the wonders of nineteenth century technology, telegraph, has reached Transylvania province, in the years 1850, in a period when the world has achieved intercontinental connection that would change the communications from that time. The possibility of information transmission almost instantly made telegraph to be placed in administrative and military purposes, but it has imposed very quickly, including economic and commercial needs. In conditions that although Transylvania was a province of the Danube Monarchy, in the early 19th century of 50s, it was located in of transport and communications terms in a peripheral, both from the capital Vienna, and other regions of the Monarchy. In 1854 telegraph reached the province of Transylvania. Under state monopoly, it was extended for administrative and military reasons around and during the Crimean War. The aim of this study is to analyze that evolution in a historical-social perspective and at the same time, to answer the following questions: What were the economic and political factors that have contributed to this process?How has the introduction of telegraph changed administrative, economic and political relations between the capital of the empire and local authorities? How was received the introduction of telegraph by elites and the general public and which was its impact on changing perceptions about the news and their movement?
Key words: centre, periphery, Transylvania, Telegraph, Habsburg Monarchy, 19th Century

Gheorghe BĂRBĂNŢAN « Back
Some aspects regarding the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian commercial relations in the second half of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth century
During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Austria-Hungary was Romania's main commercial partner, covering approximately thirty percent of Romania's commercial imports balance. The Commercial Convention signed in June 1875 afforded the Austria-Hungary's goods a privileged position within the Romanian market. As a result, between 1875 and 1885 the value of the Austrian exports in the country increased by three hundred percent while Romania's commercial balance had deficits of almost seven hundred millions lei yearly. This affected the local industries and called for public interventions of the Romanian authorities. Using newspapers' information, this article uncovers the economic and political implications of the act signed in 1975 and the later development of the economic bilateral relations until the late 1890s. The custom war began by the Austrian authorities as a reaction to intention of the Romania's liberal government to re-negotiate the Convention's terms limited the access of Romanian goods on the Empire's market. Furthermore, the conflict received an international connotation in 1889 when the quality of the Romanian products was questioned in the Times newspaper. Subject to similar actions, Serbia chose to invigorate its commercial ties with Russia and Romania.
Key words: economy, protectionism, nationality

Ludovic BÁTHORY « Back
Secret accounting system of the Superior Valley of Jiu Society and the recomputing of the coal production (1926-1930)
Secret accountancy of the big coal companies in Jiul Valley are offering plenty of data in order to establish that the total turnover and the amount of sales are exceeding at a very high rate the official published data by the Petroşani and Lupeni companies. These results do sustain the supposition that other coal companies in the Jiul Valley were using the same methods. Although secret accountancy of the Valea Jiului de Sus Company has not been preserved until now, a thoroughgoing examination of archive data does allow remaking the accountant system as it was actually used. Archive data point out that Valea Jiului de Sus Company was to use the same way of gain calculation as Petroşani Company did, at a 30% average rate of profit. It means we have to find out the constituent parts and the total amount of the clear profit in order to compute the total sales figure. The officially reported average output of the company represented 55.295 metric tons of brown coal and its average value amounted to 55.222.332 lei in a year. But our fresh calculations point out a real average of 173.234 t production for a year and an average sales figure of 186.167.622 lei. The fresh computed average output is 3,13 times bigger, and the average value is 3,37 times bigger than the reported ones. As a result of big sales the society achieved a 55.850.348 lei average benefit every year. Even so, the company reported heavy losses in 1930 and it was closed down in the following year due to the consequences of the big world crisis.
Key words: coal companies, secret accountancy, coal production

Harieta MARECI SABOL « Back
The City of Chernovitsky in the Descriptions of Foreign Travelers XVIth-XVIIIth Centuries
Like the writings of chroniclers, the impressions of foreign travelers have acquired the real voalue of "documentary" of time, inserting significant incidents of political, social, and administrative life. The name of the city of Chernivtsi is mentioned in some of the travelers memoirs and it is connected by the status of those whose duties, interests, or a capricious destiny have brought them in the Northern region of Moldova. The nature of their concerns, their training, and the specificity of their work compartmentalize these travelers into several categories. Among the "travelers - emissaries", left for or returned from diplomatic missions, there are names mentioned such as Lestár Gyulafi, Johann Mayer, Rafael Lesczczynski, Francisc Radzewski, Michály Bay, Gáspár Pápay, Stanislaw Chometowski and Francisc Gosciecki. Added to this cathegory are "travelers - soldiers", observers and combatants. They spent time in Chernivtsi, some waiting to participate in an armed conflict, and some willing to depart from the battlefield: Marcu Sobieski and his great-grand-son - Iacob Sobieski, Erasmus Heinrich von Schneider Weismantel, the Swedish agent in Iaşi, du Briant. Regarding the "travelers by vocation", these enthusiastic scholars were represented by Robert Bargrave, Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, Balthasar Hacquet and their memoires or diaries provide additional information to the dynamic vision of the city of Chernivtsi.
Les mots clés: voyageur, rétrospective, Chernovitsky, emissaire, militaire, savant, journal, ville

Adinel DINCĂ « Back
Angelofor antroponimic of Mihail in Transylvanian onomastics until 1350. Standpoints and reflections
The author traces some of the essential directions to be followed in the research of the name "Michael" in Transylvania, from the earliest mentions until the first half of the 14th century - one must take into consideration the particular importance the Saint had in the province as patron of the local bishopric church. The review of Saint Michael's cult in Medieval Europe will serve as base of the analysis together with the position of the name "Michael" in the anthroponomical "hierarchy" of the Latin Middle Ages, the cultural area that Transylvania belonged to.
Key words: Transylvania, Middle Ages, onomastics, anthroponimy

Liviu NEAGOE « Back
From "national essence" to "ethnic ontology": Philosophical backgrounds of Romanian nationalism
This essay attempts to investigate the major theories about nationalism and to support the idea that Romanian nationalism was the most articulated theoretical corpus of many generations of scholars as a main reaction of a late modernity. Performed by poets, writers, historians and philosophers, Romanian nationalism is a true mark of a culture which tries to define its own identity. I will focus on the most relevant philosophical themes and authors and to follow how this doctrine succeeded to survive and to embrace such different historical époques or political systems.
Key words: intellectual history, modernity, nationalism, philosophy

Stelian Mândruţ « Back
"Prolegomena" or "pages" from the past of an institution
We considered the appeal to memory, as motivated, within an institution which has recently celebrated two decades of existence. When the native historiography undergoes a long transition stage and the own research net is under continuous conceptual- methodological amendments, the appeal to the document, implying the written proofs, seems necessary, moreover, due to the fact that the participants to the creation of this scientific approach, are fewer and sometimes forgotten, as time goes by. We did consider the fact that our younger colleagues of today have the moral and professional obligation to apprehend significant data about the evolution of the historical research going on within the Institute of National History, founded on February 1st, 1920, by Prof. Alexandru Lapedatu and Ioan Lupaş.
The documents about the development of the institution within the University of Cluj, reveal a series of different trends and means of activity and manifestation, proper to the institutional stage of organization and research during the above mentioned period of time. The set of thoroughly selected information from the archives, preserved along generations, in the Institute of History "George Bariţiu" of the Romanian Academy- as legitimate successor - illustrates different aspects of development in space and time,of this institution; from the problem of the location, with all logistical implications, to that of the continuous changes of staff, the additional furniture and library patrimony, the subventions for the institution's own magazine and other printings, series/collections, the contest and award system for the students' works, up to the collaboration among institutions, universities, both in the country and abroad etc.
We do consider, that the archive testimonies, suggesting a typical perspective contribute to the comprehension and interpretation of the institution's ascension, under the unquestionable impact of complex and obvious factors in the comparative dialogue within the Romanian and continental historiographical area.
Key words: History; Institutions; Cluj; Interwar Period; Historical Research

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